The Third Abbasid Caliph, From about the eighth century until well into Era 5, Muslim empires spread out across Afro-Eurasia. He succeeded his father, al-Mansur. By the time the last Abbasid caliph was murdered by the Mongols in 1258, the caliphate itself had long degenerated into a legal fiction. Ulayya bint al-Mahdi was an Abbasid princess born in 777 CE in Baghdad to Maknūna, a singer and concubine, and the third Abbasid Caliph, Muhammad al-Mahdi, who ruled from 775 to 785 CE. At the age of sixteen he was named second heir after his older brother, Musa al-Hadi. Umayyad dynasty, the first great Muslim dynasty to rule the empire of the caliphate (661–750). His rule began in 158/775 and ended in 169/785. She was kidnapped from her home and then sold to become one of the favorite and most influential slaves of Al-Mahdi, the third Abbasid Caliph, who reigned from 775 to his death in 785. The Caliphate reached its peak during the rule of the caliph Harun al-Rashid (r. It was the third Islamic caliphate and overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate to take power in all but the western-most fringe of Muslim holdings at that time—Spain and Portugal, known then as the al-Andalus region. The city rose to such heights as the seat of the Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258] CE), a powerful and massive Muslim empire. Third Fitna The Third Fitna (Arabic: الفتنة الثاﻟﺜـة, romanized: al-Fitna al-thālitha), [note 1] was a series of civil wars and uprisings against the Umayyad Caliphate. Muawiyah ibn Abu Sufyan was the first Umayyad caliph, ruling from 661 to 680. One commercial innovation of the Muslims was an order to a banker to pay money held on account to a third party. 126/743-4 - d. [citation needed] It succeeded the Rashidun Caliphate, of which the third caliph, Uthman ibn Affan, was also a member of the Umayyad clan. 169/785) was the third Abbasid caliph who reached caliphate during the imamate of Imam al-Kazim (a). Early life Hārūn was born in Rey, then part of Jibal in the Abbasid Caliphate, in present-day Tehran Province, Iran. The Rise and Fall of the Abbasid Caliphate: • The Rise and Fall of the Abbasid Caliphate What If California and Texas Formed a Single Country: • What If California and Texas Formed a Sing Harun al-Rashid was born at Rey near Teheran in 766 (or perhaps 763), the third son of the third Abbasid caliph, Mohammed al-Mahdi. The Rashidun Caliphate (632–661) was led by Abu Bakr, then by Umar ibn Khattab as the second caliph, Uthman Ibn Affan as the third caliph, and Ali as the fourth caliph. Nov 15, 2024 · The Abbasid caliphate was the third and one of the most important Islamic caliphates after Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). The Abbasid Caliphate was the third in a series of Islamic Empires to span large parts of Africa and Asia. AL-MAHDI'S INQUISITION Abu 'Abdallah Muhammad al-Mahdi, the third Abbasid Caliph, succeeded his father in 775 A. Learn about the history of Islam. [9] Abū ʿAbd Allāh Mu ammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Man ūr, better known by his regnal name al-Mahdī, was the third Abbasid Caliph, reigning from 775 to his death in 785. This chapter sketches the social and political developments in late Abbasid Baghdad leading up to Ibn al-Jawzi’s time in the twelfth century; the next chapter takes a closer look at his life and career; and the third chapter surveys the key trends in Islamic political thought during this period. Explore the timeline of Umayyad Dynasty. In Arabic, this was known as a (n) sakk. Which of the following statements describes the governance of the Muslim empire from 900 to 1400? Many parts of the empire enjoyed considerable local independence. The conquest resulted in the end of Christian rule in most of Iberia and the establishment of Muslim Arab - Moorish rule in that territory, which came to be known as al-Andalus, under the Umayyad dynasty. On the one hand, the middle third of the ninth century probably represents the zenith of Abbasid political power if measured in terms of the control that the central government was able to exert over the provinces. 653), after whom it is named. , The definitive, authoritative history of the Near East from the time of Mohammed to the The Abbasid Caliphate was an Arabic dynasty that ruled over much of the Muslim world for over 500 years. Umayyad authority was later challenged in the Second Fitna, during which the Sufyanid line of Mu'awiya (which includes only the three first Umayyad caliphs) was replaced in 684 by Marwan ibn al-Hakam, who founded the Marwanid line of Umayyad caliphs, which restored the dynasty's rule over the Caliphate and remained so until the fall of the Which of the following statements characterizes the rule of the third Abbasid caliph, Harun al-Rashid? He oversaw Baghdad's emergence as a center for learning and culture. Al-Mahdī al-ʿAbbāsī (b. Another priority was to carry out various public works such as the Biography Hārūn was the son of al-Mahdi, the third 'Abbasid caliph (ruled 775–785), and al-Khayzuran, a former slave girl from Yemen, a woman of strong personality who greatly influenced the affairs of state during the reigns of her husband and sons. The Abbasids ruled for most of the caliphate from their capital in Baghdad, Iraq after having overthrown the Umayyad Caliphate in the Abbasid Revolution of 750 CE (132 AH). Trade and missionary activity brought Manichaeism to Tang China in the seventh century, where it developed into its own local form. Abbasid caliphate, second of the two great dynasties of the Muslim empire of the caliphate. Khaizuran, al-Mahdi’s (the third Abbasid caliph) concubine, was second only to her husband when it came to wealth and power in the entire caliphate. Under the Abbasids the capital of the caliphate was moved from Damascus to the new city of Baghdad. 4 As Caliph, al-Mahdi made it a priority to reconcile the 'Alids who could potentially serve as leaders of an opposition. The Umayyad Dynasty (661-750 CE), the first dynasty to take the title of Caliphate, was established in 661 CE by Muawiya (l. Definition The Umayyad Dynasty (661-750 CE), the first dynasty to take the title of Caliphate, was established in 661 CE by Muawiya (l. The book covers the life of Muhammad and the birth of Islam, through the great days of the Ummayad and Abbasid Caliphates (8th-10th centuries), to the period of political fragmentation which followed it when Islam lost its core unity, never to be recovered. After they defeated the Ummayads, with significant Persian assistance, the Abbasids decided to de-emphasize ethnic Arabs and recreate The Abbasid Caliphate was the third major Islamic Empire, succeeding the Umayyads and lasting over five centuries. Centered in Baghdad, this era marked a significant Golden Age of intellectual and cultural advancement. It maintained its historic presence in West Asia until being repressed by the latter Abbasid Caliphate rulers in the 10th century. Dissensions between the tribesmen and their governors led to the murder of the third caliph, (Uthman, in 656, and a civil war, which ended with the constitution of a new caliphate at Damascus (661), hereditary in the house of the Meccan clan of Umayyad, and dependent for its power largely upon the Arab tribesmen of Syria. [36] Al-Mahdi's caliphate is remembered as a prelude to the Golden Age of the Abbasid Caliphate. There are 6 political leaders listed below chronol The caliphs, Muhammad’s successors, were soon after beset with high-profile assassinations: Umar, the second caliph of Islam, was slain by avenging Persians; Uthman, the third caliph of Islam, was besieged and then slaughtered by Muslim rebels; Muhammad’s cousin Ali, the fourth caliph, was also assassinated by dissidents, but not before he Those societies represented a cross-section of ethnic, religious, and regional identities that underwent major transformations in the period of the High Middle Ages. In fact her sons, al-Hadi and Harun al-Rashid, were by their father’s to be his successors despite him having a noble freeborn Arab wife who had born him two older sons. Prior to the advent of Islam, the Umayyads were a largely merchant family of the Quraysh tribe centered at Mecca. She was the half-sister of Harun al-Rashid, who ruled from 789 to 809 CE as the fifth caliph of the Abbasid dynasty, and who is portrayed as a central character in One Thousand and One Nights. Ismail al-Mansur (914–953), third ruler of the Fatimid dynasty ruled from 946 to 953. 602-680 CE), who had served as the governor of Syria under the Rashidun Caliphate, after the death of the fourth caliph, Ali in 661 CE. It came to The Abbasid Caliphate of Cairo lasted until the time of Al-Mutawakkil III, who ruled as caliph from 1508 to 1516, then he was deposed briefly in 1516 by his predecessor Al-Mustamsik, but was restored again to the caliphate in 1517. The Abbasids rose to power in the mid-8th century CE. He was the son of al-Mahdi (r. His mother was Khayzuran, a Yemeni slave girl, later freed, who through her husband and son came to have great political influence. After defeating the preceding Umayyad Caliphate in a civil war, the Abbasids gained power in the mid-8th century CE. The exchange of land, labor, and capital was to a large degree organized through the market, and Baghdad was the intellectual capital of the world. It began with a revolt against al-Walid II in 744, and lasted until 747, when Marwan II emerged as the victor. The Umayyad family established hereditary rule under Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, the long-time governor of Greater Syria, who became caliph after emerging victorious in the First Fitna following the assassination of Ali in 661. Al-Mansur (714–775), second Abbasid caliph and the founder of Baghdad. The Umayyads ruled effectively and firmly established the political authority of Abu Ja'far Abdallah ibn Muhammad took the name al-Mansur ("the victorious") and agreed to make his nephew Isa ibn Musa his successor to the Abbasid caliphate. Which of the following statements characterizes the rule of the third Abbasid caliph, Harun al-Rashid? He oversaw Baghdad's emergence as a center for learning and culture. It rose from bloody beginnings to become the center of the Muslim world during the Islamic Golden Age under the legendary Harun al-Rashid. Its merchants traveled from Spain to China, and it maintained diplomatic relations with the rulers of territories thousands of miles from Baghdad. Explore the timeline of Islamic Caliphates. Harun was raised as a prince in the court at Baghdad, Iran. The Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258) was the third major Islamic caliphate and one of the most powerful and influential empires of the medieval world. Abbasid revolution The Abbasid revolution (Arabic: اَلثَّوْرَة اَلْعَبَّاسِيَّةِ, romanized: aṯ-Ṯawra al-ʿAbbāsiyyah), [a][1] was the overthrow of the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750), the second of the four major caliphates in Islamic history, by the third, the Abbasid Caliphate (750–1517). It was perhaps Islamic history’s grandest and most The Abbasid Revolution, also called the Movement of the Men of the Black Raiment, was the overthrow of the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750 CE), the second of the four major Caliphates in early Islamic history, by the third, the Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258 CE). [6] Ibrahim was contemporary of Abbasid caliph al-Hadi, al-Rashid and his three nephews caliph al-Amin, al-Ma'mun, al-Mu'tasim. Uthman ibn Affan (Arabic: عُثْمَان بْن عَفَّان, romanized: ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān) (c. People of no lineage have become the masters and I am forlorn for having lived to see these Late ninth century Abbasid Iraq, though undergoing a crisis, in some ways resembled a world familiar to ours. Rashidun Caliphate The Rashidun Caliphate (Arabic: ٱلْخِلَافَةُ ٱلرَّاشِدَةُ, romanized: al-Khilāfah ar-Rāšidah) is the early Islamic polity led by the first four successive caliphs (lit. Ever since the second fitnah, a -Words attributed to the third Abbasid caliph of Cairo, Sulaymān al-Mustakfī billāh (d. His palace was so enormous that it occupied one-third of Baghdad. D. c. 573 or 576 – 17 June 656) was the third caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate, ruling from 644 until his assassination in 656. Jun 10, 2025 · The Abbasid Caliphate was the third Islamic Empire to encompass vast regions of Africa and Asia. Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Manṣūr (Arabic: أبو عبد الله محمد بن عبد الله المنصور; 744 or 745 – 785), better known by his regnal name al-Mahdī (المهدي, "He who is guided by God"), was the third Abbasid Caliph who reigned from 775 to his death in 785. It overthrew the Umayyad caliphate in 750 CE and reigned until it was destroyed by the Mongol invasion in 1258. In the last third of the ninth century, the Isma'ili da'wa spread widely, profiting from the collapse of Abbasid power in the Anarchy at Samarra and the subsequent Zanj Revolt, as well as from dissatisfaction among Twelver adherents with the political quietism of their leadership and the recent disappearance of the twelfth imam. It culminated in the third fitnah (744–750), which resulted in the establishment of a new and final dynasty of caliphs, the ʿAbbāsids. It was founded by the descendants of Prophet Muhammad's (PBUH) uncle, Abbas ibn Abd ul-Muttalib. List of Abbasid caliphs The Abbasid caliphs were the holders of the Islamic title of caliph who were members of the Abbasid dynasty, a branch of the Quraysh tribe descended from the uncle of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, Al-Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib. Mansur Al-Hallaj (858–922), Persian mystic, writer, and teacher of Sufism Almanzor (938–1002), 10th-century ruler of al-Andalus Mansur ibn Ilyas, Timurid physician Early life Harun al-Rashid was born at Reyy near Tehran, Iran, in 766. The Abbasid Caliphate or Abbasid Empire[a] was the third Islamic caliphate, ruled by the Abbasid dynasty. This agreement was supposed to resolve rivalries in the Abbasid family, but al-Mansur's right to accession was particularly challenged by his uncle Abdullah ibn Ali. Some sources, based on historical evidence, believe that Mahdawiyya and his father's goals were influential in titling him as al-Mahdi. Islamic world - Third Fitnah, Umayyad Dynasty, Abbasid Caliphate: Meanwhile, in the central caliphal lands, growing discontent with the emerging order crystallized in a multifaceted movement of opposition to the Marwānids. May 12, 2025 · It was the third Islamic caliphate and overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate to take power in all but the western-most fringe of Muslim holdings at that time—Spain and Portugal, known then as the al-Andalus region. "successors") Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman and Ali, collectively known as the Rashidun, or "Rightly Guided" caliphs. 786 – 809). [1][2] Caliphs (also known as 'Khalifas') led the Muslim Ummah as political successors to the Islamic prophet Muhammad, [3] and widely recognised caliphates have existed in various forms for most of Islamic history. After the fall of Damascus in 1260, who took control of the majority of Abbasid territories? Khayzuran was born as a free Muslim in Yemen, and some sources even suggest that she was of Amazigh heritage. The dynasty was descended from Muhammad 's uncle, Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib (d. The Umayyad Caliphate destroyed the Visigothic Kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula in the early 8th century. 775–785), the third Abbasid caliph, and his wife al-Khayzuran, who was a woman of strong and independent personality who greatly influenced affairs of state in the reigns of her husband and sons. 602-680 CE), who had served as the governor of Syria under the Rashidun Abū ʿAbd Allāh Mu ammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Man ūr, better known by his regnal name al-Mahdī "He who is guided by God"), was the third Abbasid Caliph, reigning from 775 to his death in 785. The family came to power in the Abbasid Revolution in 748–750, supplanting the Umayyad Caliphate. The Abbasid Caliphate was the third Islamic caliphate, established in 750 CE, that succeeded the Umayyad Caliphate and lasted until the Mongol invasion in 1258. The third caliphate, the Abbasids, 750–1258, presided over what is often referred to as the “Islamic Golden Age,” when science, technology, philosophy, and the arts flourished. without opposition. 1340) There are no more virtuous people, or even good people, left to be sought after; nor is there a generous person remaining to whom I can convey my melancholy. History Early Abbasid era (750–861) The Abbasid dynasty ruled the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad. . A caliph is the supreme religious and political leader of an Islamic state known as the caliphate. This post is a list of Caliphate political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia). Caliphs were initially the sole He was the son of the third Abbasid caliph, al-Mahdi, and the half-brother of the poet and musician Ulayya. It was a prosperous period marked by internal stability and peace although territorial expansion continued. …was the son of al-Mahdī, the third ʿAbbāsid caliph (ruled 775–785), and al-Khayzurān, a former slave girl from Yemen and a woman of strong personality who greatly influenced affairs of state in the reigns of her husband and sons. After the death of Hisham, many figures emerged in the Umayyad Caliphate, including Walid II & Yazid III. Definition Caliphate (“ Khilafat ” in Arabic) was a semi-religious political system of governance in Islam, in which the territories of the Islamic empire in the Middle East and North Africa and the people within were ruled by a supreme leader called Caliph (“ Khalifa ” in Arabic – meaning successor). He was the third son of the third Abbasid caliph, Mohammed al-Mahdi and his wife Khayzuran, a former slave from Yemen. s2xf2, 9d0b, 33diz, 0gft, locx, olpsv, 4rmr0v, tom5f, tu1ko5, 8irl,